Arthur Phillips
Arthur
Phillips was born in Minneapolis and educated at Harvard. He has
been a child actor, a jazz musician, a speechwriter, a dismally
failed entrepreneur, and a five-time Jeopardy! champion.
His first novel, Prague, was a national bestseller, a New York
Times Notable Book, and the recipient of the Los Angeles Times/Art
Seidenbaum prize for best first novel. It has been translated into
eight languages.
The Egyptologist is his second novel. He lives in New York with
his wife and two sons.
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Jean Francois Champollion
Anyone
who has studied ancient Egypt will be familiar with Jean Francois
Champollion. He was, after all, credited with deciphering hieroglyphics
from the Rosetta Stone and thus giving scholars the key to understanding
hieroglyphics. For this effort along, he is frequently referred
to as the Father of Egyptology, for he provided the foundation that
scholars would need in order to truly understand the ancient Egyptians.
Even though he suffered a stroke, dying at the age of forty-one,
he himself added to our knowledge of this grand, ancient civilization
by translating any number of Egyptian texts prior to his death.
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Belzoni, Giovanni Battista
Belzoni,
an Italian, was the strong man of Egyptology, who worked in as a
circus strongman in London prior to his explorations in Egypt. He
was an imposing man with a height of about two meters (6ft, 6in).
He was an adventurer and self taught archaeologist who possibly
studied hydraulics, and who ended up working for the Egyptian vice
regent, Muhammad Ali. He directed excavations, often using crude
methods. However, he is credited with discovering the previously
unknown upper entrance of Khafre's pyramid at Giza. He also documented
and collected antiquities.
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Howard Carter
It
may simply have been the luck of the draw, but no one has probably
furthered the interests of Egyptology, and indeed the world's archaeological
focus on Egypt more than Howard Carter. His discovery of the tomb
of Tutankhamun has inspired almost a century of Hollywood movies,
books and media attention for this greatest of all living museums
we call Egypt.
While Howard Carter's find of the mostly intact tomb of a pharaoh
may have been lucky, it was the result of a dedicated career in Egyptology
and the culmination of consistent exploration.
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Karl (Carl) Richard Lepsius
Karl
(Carl) Richard Lepsius (1810-1884) must be considered one of the
founding fathers of Egyptology and a giant among the earliest archaeologists.
He was born in Naumburg-am-Saale. During the days before formal
Egyptology graduate programs, he spent years studying Champollion's
Grammar in order to learn hieroglyphs, and then spent another four
years visiting all of the major European collections of Egyptian
antiquities in England, Holland and Italy in order to self educate
himself in his chosen discipline. This is not to say that Lepsius
was not formally educated. He studied Greek and Roman archaeology
at the universities of Leipzig (1829-1830), Gottingen (1830-1832)
and Berlin (1832-1833), where he completed his doctorate. His interest
in Egyptology seems to have been inspired by lectures on the history
of Egypt by Jean Letronne, a French classicist and archaeologist
who had taken an early interest in the work of Champollion.
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Mark Lehner
Today,
as always, there remains considerable debate over such matters as
the age of the Great Sphinx, the means in which the Great Pyramids
were constructed, as well as many other topics related to ancient
Egypt. Some theories border on the fantastic, while others clearly
step over that threshold. Of course, there are always arguments
within the scope of scholarly investigation, but sometimes it seems
that "alternative theories" receive the bulk of the media
attention.
While many traditionally trained Egyptologists might consider themselves
to be the guardians of reasonable scientific Egyptology, none is
better equipped than one of the modern living legends of that discipline,
Mark Lehner. Today, his is considered to be one of the foremost
experts on the Giza Pyramids, having devoted most of his life to
their study.
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Sir John Gardner Wilkinson
The
English are well represented in the early discipline of Egyptology.
One such individual was John Gardner Wilkinson, who first went to
Egypt in 1822. He his sometimes referred to as the Father of British
Egyptology. Wilkinson was the son of John Wilkinson, a clergyman
from Hardendale in Westmorland, and Mary Anne Wilkinson, born to
them on October 5th, 1797 at Little Missenden, Buckingshamshire.
However, both his mother and father died before he reached the age
of ten, after which he was entrusted to a guardian.
Wilkinson attended school at Harrow and at Exeter College, Oxford.
However, he left Oxford in 1818 before earning a degree and joined
the army. He loved to travel and made his first visits to the Continent
in 1817 and 1818. In 1819, he set off on a tour through France,
Germany and Italy, where he met the antiquarian and student of Egyptian
hieroglyphics, Sir William Gell. Gell encouraged Wilkinson to leave
the army and study Egyptology under his guidance, and in October
of 1821, Wilkinson made his first visit to Egypt, at the age of
24, by way of Alexandria, which was the normal entry point in those
days. This was a a year before Champollion rediscovered the principles
of the Egyptian script.
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William Flinders Petrie
In
the words of James Baikie, author of the book A Century of Excavation
in the Land of the Pharaohs, "if the name of any one man must
be associated with modern excavation as that of the chief begetter
of its principles and methods, it must be the name of Professor
Sir W.M. Flinders Petrie. It was he…who first called the attention
of modern excavators to the importance f "unconsidered trifles"
as means for the construction of the past…the broken earthenware
of a people may be of far greater value than its most gigantic monuments."
William Matthew Flinders Petrie was the grandson of the first man
to chart Australia. When he was four Petrie became so ill his mother
became convinced that he was a weak child. Since she was a scholar
herself, she taught him at home and introduced him to Hebrew, Latin
and Greek. Later on, he was taught by a governess, but when he became
ill again, his official education effectively ended.
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